TOEFL iBT | Тесты, Справочник

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЫХ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ ОБОРОТОВ И КОНСТРУКЦИЙ

Strategies to Use
- Produce restatements
- Read and listen for meaning
- Edit problem paraphrases

Produce restatements

Learning to identify possibilities for alternative structures will improve your paraphrasing skills. A restatement with an alternative structure is not a paraphrase because it uses too many of the same words and phrases. Later in this chapter, you will use restatements with synonyms to produce paraphrases.

Practical Strategy

Study the examples of restatements in each of the categories below. Learn to make restatements using alternative structures. When you can use both synonyms and alternative structures, you will be able to paraphrase appropriately. For now, focus on alternative structures.

Chronology - before/after/during
Coordination - not only-but also/neither-nor/not-but/both-and/as well as
Cause - because/because of/since/ as a result
Comparison - similar/like/the same/differ/different/more/less
Concession - although/even though/despite/in spite of/but/whereas
Negatives - not + un-/not once/not one/very rarely/very seldom
Passives BE + past participle

CHRONOLOGY

Original: After the Missouri Compromise was abandoned by Congress, the Republican party was formed in 1854, partly in opposition to the spread of slavery in the United States.

Restatement: Before the Republican party was formed in 1854, in part to oppose the spread of slavery in the United States, the Missouri Compromise had already been abandoned by Congress.

COORDINATION

Original: Byzantine art consisted not only of oriental style but also of Greek ideas that maintained its popularity for more than eleven centuries.
Restatement: Popular for more than eleven hundred years, Byzantine art consisted of both oriental style and Greek ideas.

CAUSE

dog

Original: In the classic experiment in operant conditioning, Pavlov's dog salivated when he heard a bell because he associated the sound with food.
Restatement: Since Pavlov's dog associated the sound of a bell with being fed, he salivated when he heard it in the classic experiment in operant conditioning.

COMPARISON

Original: As a conductor of heat and electricity, aluminum exceeds all metals except silver, copper, and gold.
Restatement: Silver, copper, and gold are better conductors of heat and electricity than aluminum is.

CONCESSION

Original: Despite the great differences in size, shape, and function, all human cells have the same forty-six chromosomes.
Restatement: Although the forty-six chromosomes are the same in all human there are differences in the size, shape, and function.

NEGATIVE

Original: It is not illegal in some cultures to be married to more than one woman at the same time, but the monogamous relationship is the most common.
Restatement: In some cultures, it is legal to be married to several women at once, but it is more common to be married to just one woman.

PASSIVE

Original: The explosive properties of nitroglycerin, later one of the components of dynamite, were discovered by Ascanio Sobrero, an Italian chemistry professor.
Restatement: Italian chemistry professor Ascanio Sobrero discovered that nitroglycerin, later used in the production of dynamite, had explosive properties.

Продолжение следует...

ВСЕ УРОКИ ПО ПРОХОЖДЕНИЮ ТЕСТА TOEFL, ОПУБЛИКОВАННЫЕ НА НАШЕМ САЙТЕ, ВЫ НАЙДЕТЕ ЗДЕСЬ.