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Глава 7. Critical Reasoning. Урок 1
Глава 8. Critical Reasoning. Урок 2
Глава 9. Critical Reasoning. Урок 3
Глава 10. Critical Reasoning. Урок 4
Глава 11. Critical Reasoning. Урок 5
Глава 12. Critical Reasoning. Урок 6
Глава 13. Critical Reasoning. Урок 7
Глава 14. Critical Reasoning. Урок 8
Глава 15. Critical Reasoning. Урок 9
Глава16. Critical Reasoning. Урок 10


1. A reliable survey indicates that college graduates change employers four times on average during the first ten years after college graduation. There­fore, in order to avoid employee turnover, busi­ness administrators in charge of hiring new em­ployees should favor job applicants who obtained college degrees at least ten years earlier over other job applicants.

The advice about how to avoid employee turn­over rests on which of the following assumptions?

(A) Employee turnover among businesses that hire employees without college degrees is greater than turnover among businesses that hire only employees with college degrees.
(B) Job changes within the same company are less common than job changes from one em­ployer to another.
(C) Employees who graduated from college at least ten years ago change employers less fre­quently on average than other employees.
(D) Most employees who leave their jobs do so upon either request or demand of their em­ployers rather than by their own initiative.
(E) The survey excluded college graduates who interrupted their vocational careers to pur­sue advanced academic degrees.

2. This county's current dumping ordinance, which requires that all refuse be hauled at least ten miles outside the city limits for dumping, should be re­pealed in the interest of public health. The pur­pose of the ordinance in the first place was to pre­vent the spread of Smith's Disease, which has been found to be most prevalent in regions near outdoor dumps. But the county funds used to maintain the roads to the dumping sites have been diverted from a proposed countrywide education program for Smith's Disease awareness, which would have been more effective than the dump­ing ordinance in preventing the disease.

Which of the following, if true, would best sup­port the assertion that the dumping ordinance should be repealed?

(A) The geographic area within the city limits is more heavily populated than the area out­side the city limits.
(B) Treating Smith's Disease is more expensive on average than preventing it in the first place.
(C) The roads to the dumping sites are of no prac­tical use other than for transport between the city limits and the dumping sites.
(D) The proposed education program would have been available to all county residents.
(E) The most effective means of preventing Smith's disease is an expensive vaccine that is not readily available.

3. Topical application of oil from the bark of aoli trees, which are quite rare and grow only in cer­tain regions of South America, has been shown to be the only effective means of treating certain skin disorders. At the current rate of harvesting bark for aoli oil, however, aoli trees will become extinct within fifty years. Clearly, measures must be taken soon to reduce the demand for aoli oil; otherwise, fifty years from now, it will no longer be possible to treat these skin disorders effectively.

Which of the following, if true, would most seri­ously weaken the argument above?

(A) One of the skin disorders for which aoli oil is an effective treatment is caused by exposure to chemicals used in a manufacturing pro­cess that is quickly becoming obsolete.
(B) The bark of newly planted aoli trees can be harvested for oil within twenty years after the new trees are planted.
(C) The cause of skin disorders treatable with aoli oil is also the cause of certain other health problems that are treated effectively by in­gesting aoli oil.
(D) In South America, aoli tree bark is widely used in making a variety of decorative craft items and utensils.
(E) Only people who live in the regions of South America where aoli trees are found suffer from skin disorders treatable with aoli oil.

4.Gwen: As we both know, the most popular restau­rants among college students here in Collegetown are the ones that provide de­livery service. So, local economic conditions, which rely on the student population, would improve if expensive Collegetown restaurants were replaced by less expensive ones that also provide delivery service.
Jose:I disagree. After all, many expensive Collegetown restaurants also provide de­livery service.

Which of the following best expresses the point of disagreement between Gwen and Jose?

(A) Whether inexpensive restaurants are more popular among Collegetown students than expensive restaurants
(B) Whether Collegetown should reduce the number of restaurants providing deliver)' service
(C) Whether inexpensive restaurants in Collegetown should provide delivery service
(D) Whether Collegetown students prefer deliv­ery meal service over sit-down meal service
(E) Whether inexpensive restaurants are popu­lar among Collegetown students

5.State X requires employers to pay hourly-wage employees 50 percent more than their regular wage for every work hour in excess of 8 on any workday. State Y requires employers to pay these employees the same overtime rate, but only for work hours in excess of 40 during any given week. Most hourly-wage employees prefer to work in state Y over state X.

Based only on the statements above, which of the following best explains why most hourly-wage employees prefer to work in state Y over state X?

(A) Most hourly-wage employees prefer to work for employers that do not provide overtime work.
(B) Most hourly-wage employees work at least five days per week.
(C) Most hourly-wage employees prefer to work for employers that provide overtime work.
(D) Overtime work hours for most hourly-wage employees exceed regular work hours by at least 50 percent.
(E) Most hourly-wage employees work less than forty hours per week.

6.Only one pie can win first place at the annual pie-baking contest held at the county fair. Pies will be judged for flavor, freshness of ingredients, proper "doneness," and distinctness among the pies en­tered in the contest. The contest rules provide that only fruit-tilled pies may be entered.

Which of the following would best support a pre­diction that the winning pie at the pie-baking con­test will be a cherry pie?

(A) More cherry pies than any other type of pie have been entered in the contest.
(B) Achieving proper doneness is more difficult with fresh cherries than with other pie ingre­dients.
(C) Fresh fruits are not available to any of the pie-baking contestants.
(D) Judges prefer the flavor of cherry pies over the flavors of other pies.
(E) Baking fresh cherries to their proper doneness results in over-baking the pie's crust.

7.Our nation's public policy dictates that our lands be put to their most economically productive uses. Although farm subsidies help farmers avoid bankruptcy during years in which they lose their crops due to natural disasters, in the long term, subsidies provide a disincentive for farmers to farm productively. Therefore, farms will be less productive economically over time as a result of the current subsidy system than they would be without any subsidy system at all.

Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the argument above?

(A) Farm subsidies result in less than optimal farm productivity.
(B) Our nation's public policy should be modi­fied to accommodate farm subsidies.
(C) Farmers should strive to make more produc­tive use of their farmland.
(D) Farm productivity is more important than whether farmers operate their farms profit­ably.
(E) The current farm subsidy system amounts to a violation of our nation's public policy.

8. Some people with a Bachelor's degree are eligible for the internship program with the district attorney's office. If a person meets the eligibility requirements for the program, that person is likely to gain admission to the local law school if he or she applies, whether or not that person actually participates in the internship program. However, no person without a Bachelor's degree is eligible to participate in the internship program.

If the statements above are all true, which of the following is properly inferred from them?

(A) All people with a Bachelor's degree who ap­ply for admission to the local law school are likely to gain admission.
(B) Some people likely to gain admission to the local law school would not have been eligible for the internship program.
(C) Some people with a Bachelor's degree are likely to gain admission to the local law school if they apply.
(D) All people eligible for the internship program hold Bachelor degrees.
(E) Without a Bachelor's degree, a person can­not gain admission to the local law school.

9. A child's conception of whether certain behavior is right or wrong, referred to as "behavioral pre­disposition," is fully developed by the age of 10. During a person's teenage years, other teenagers with whom the person associates regularly have a significant influence on whether the person later acts in accordance with his or her predisposition.
In other words, teenagers tend to mimic their peers' behavior. It is interesting to note that the vast majority of adult criminals also committed crimes as teenagers and associated primarily with other teenagers who later became adult criminals.

Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?

(A) A child's conception of whether certain be­havior is right or wrong can change during the child's teenage years.
(B) Until a child becomes a teenager, it is impos­sible to predict whether the child will even­tually become an adult criminal.
(C) Law-abiding adults are unlikely to have de­veloped a predisposition for adult criminal behavior.
(D) An adult criminal is likely to have been pre­disposed as a child to criminal behavior.
(E) Preteen children who are not predisposed to criminal behavior are unlikely to become adult criminals.

10. Driving excessively fast has been demonstrated to decrease the number of miles one can drive per gallon of fuel. Gary has recently been experienc­ing a decrease in mileage per gallon of fuel while driving his car. This clearly proves that Gary has been driving excessively fast lately.

Which of the following statements, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion about Gary's driving?

(A) Recently, Gary's speedometer has been indi­cating the speed of his car as lower than the car's actual speed.
(B) Recently Gary has been driving more miles per day on average than before he began ex­periencing a decrease in fuel mileage.
(C) Other tests have shown that a car's speed affects fuel mileage more than any other single factor.
(D) Before Gary began driving excessively fast, his speedometer overrepresented his car's actual speed.
(E) Recently, the tires on Gary's car have been losing air pressure, and low tire air pressure is known to lower fuel mileage.

11. According to the school's principal, no teacher who refuses to participate in the afternoon con­ference was allowed to attend the buffet dinner immediately after the conference. Sanjay, who is one of the school's teachers, is not the sort of per­son to refuse a buffet dinner; yet I'm certain Sanjay was not at the dinner. I can only conclude that Sanjay refused to participate in the conference.

Which of the following demonstrates a pattern of reasoning most like the flawed reasoning in the argument above?

(A) All attentive students are rewarded with high grades in school. Alan is not attentive as a student. Therefore, he will not be rewarded with high grades in school.
(B) Every person seated in the front row can hear the coach's instructions to his players. Ursula can hear the coach's instructions. Therefore, Ursula must be seated in the front row.
(C) Anyone who claims to have been abducted by aliens is either not being truthful or is mistaken about whether he or she has been abducted by aliens. Sandy is always truth­ful. Therefore, she has not been abducted by aliens.
(D) Every legislator is in favor of the bill. Martha is not in favor of the bill. Therefore, she must not be a legislator.
(E) This sculpture is either priceless or a worth­less fake. This sculpture is not a worthless fake. Therefore, it is priceless.

12.Since the release of MicroTeam Corporation's newest version of its ActiveWeb software, more copies of this new version have been sold than any software product that competes with ActiveWeb. Therefore, MicroTeam Corporation's marketing campaign to promote the new version of ActiveWeb was highly effective.

Which of the following, if true, provides the best indication that the conclusion in the argument above is logically well supported?

(A) The number of potential purchasers of ActiveWeb and of products that compete with it has increased since the release of the new version of ActiveWeb.
(B) The number of products competing with ActiveWeb has diminished since the release of the new version of ActiveWeb.
(C) The new version of ActiveWeb corrected ev­ery known operational problem with previ­ous versions.
(D) More copies of the new version of ActiveWeb have been sold than of any earlier version of ActiveWeb.
(E) Shortly after the release of the new version of ActiveWeb, a popular and influential magazine recommended a competing prod­uct over the new version of ActiveWeb.

13. Because people are living longer, they are devel­oping more new types of ailments. Pharmaceuti­cal companies are responding by developing new prescription drugs that prevent these new ail­ments. But elderly people of modest financial means must essentially choose among ailments because our federal health-insurance program for the elderly does not cover prescription drugs. Thus, to promote health among our elderly citi­zens, the federal government should force phar­maceutical companies to lower their prices for these new drugs.

Each of the following, if true, weakens the con­clusion above EXCEPT:

(A) If forced to reduce their prices for the new drugs, pharmaceutical companies could not afford to develop drugs for the prevention of more new ailments.
(B) The new drugs prevent not only new types of ailments but also ailments already com­mon among elderly people.
(C) Other new drugs are available to treat, but not prevent, the same new ailments.
(D) None of the new drugs has been shown to prolong an elderly person's life.
(E) The federal health insurance program for the elderly covers all medical expenses of the eld­erly other than prescription drugs.

14.Everybody agrees that a decline in the quality of television programming invariably results in a de­crease in television viewership. Members of the Television Writers Union are threatening to go on strike this season in order to compel the televi­sion studios to meet certain demands. Clearly, the movie studios whose movies are shown in the­aters should hope that the television writers will indeed decide to go on strike.

Each of the following must be assumed to be true in order for the conclusion above to be properly drawn EXCEPT:

(A) Television writers are not the same writers who write screenplays for movies shown in movie theaters.
(B) An increase in movie theater attendance will result in increased profits for movie theaters.
(C) A television writers' strike would result in a decline in the quality of television program­ming.
(D) Movie studio profits are directly correlated to the profits of the movie theaters them­selves.
(E) When people watch less television, their movie theater attendance increases.

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