Такие виды предложения обычно начинаются со следующих фраз:

According to the passage . . . It is stated in the passage that. . .

Упражнение 1

Напишите около каждых двух предложений буковку «S», если предложения имеют одинаковый смысл. Если же предложения имеют разный смысл, то напишите рядом с ними буковку «D».

Пример: D (A) A collection of fascinating tales called The Arabian Nights was introduced into Europe by the French scholar Antoine Gal land.

(B) The French scholar Antoine Galland introduced into Europe a collection of fascinating tales which he called The Arabian Nights.

You should write "D" in the space because the sentences do not mean the same thing. In the first sentence, the scholar introduced the tales, whereas in the second sentence, the scholar introduced and named the collection of tales.

1. ___ (A) Scree, which abounds in the Rocky Mountains, has its origins in the ice ages.
(B) The Rocky Mountains have a lot of scree, whose formation dates back to the ice ages.
2. ___ (A) The drum and (lute music once heard in the streets has been replaced by noisy radios and cassette players.
(B) Radios and cassette players are now heard in the streets, which once were filled by the sounds of drum and flute music.
3. ___ (A) Many reef organisms avoid dead-end caves, which lack the steady currents necessary for bringing a continuous food supply.
(B) Dead-end caves don't have currents which bring in food supplies, so many reef organisms don't go there.
4. ___ (A) Instead of being overwhelmed by the hard life in Montana, Evelyn Cameron reveled in it.
(B) Evelyn Cameron revealed how difficult life was in Montana.
5. ___ (A) Two theaters in Stratford-upon-Avon and two in London are regularly used by the Royal Shakespeare Company.
(B) The Royal Shakespeare Company regularly uses four theaters - two in Stratford-upon-Avon and two in London.
6. ___ (A) Police reconstruct scenes because people seem to recall things best when they are in the same physical situation.
(B) When people arc in the same physical situation, they seem to remember better scenes than the ones police have reconstructed.
7. ___ (A) Despite the cold Alaskan temperatures, which freeze perspiration and breath in a man's beard, cabin fever forces inhabitants to challenge the elements.
(B) The Alaskan inhabitants suffer from cabin fever, which causes perspiration and breath to freeze in the men's beards.
8. ___ (A) Leather, when improperly handled and exposed to changeable temperatures, cracks easily.
(B) Leather cracks easily when it is handled incorrectly and is exposed to variable temperatures.
9. ___ (A) Despite the increasing pollution of their shorelines, oceans have become cleaner in the vast open-sea areas over the past decade.
(B) During the last 10 years, pollution has been increasing along the coasts of the oceans and spreading to the once clean open-sea areas.
10. __(A) The Hitler diaries, the greatest known publishing fraud in history, were written by a man who copied material from Hitler's speeches and medical reports.
(B) By copying material from Hitler's speeches and medical reports, a man wrote the Hitler diaries, which became known as the greatest publishing fraud in history.

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Упражнение 2

Прочитайте ниже обозначенные утверждения. Из вариантов ответов выберите тот, которые подходит к основному, то есть является синонимичным.

Пример: The bulk of Kafka's writings was not published until after his early death from tuberculosis.

(A) It was not until after Kafka's early death from tuberculosis that the bulk of his writings was published.
(B) After the bulk of his writings was published, Kafka died an early death from tuberculosis.
(C) After Kafka had written the bulk of his published writings, he met with an early death from tuberculosis.
(D) An early death from tuberculosis kept Kafka from publishing the bulk of his writings.

You should circle (A) because this is the only sentence which contains the same information as the first sentence. First Kafka died, and then most of his writings were published.

1. Fainting is caused by a sudden drop in the normal blood supply to the brain.

(A) The brain reacts to a drop in the normal blood supply by fainting.
(B) Fainting occurs when the brain suddenly loses its normal blood supply.
(C) Fainting happens when the brain drops its normal blood supply.
(D) The brain faints when the normal blood supply drops.

2. Gorillas, which are vegetarians, have been observed to demonstrate gentle behavior toward small creatures in the wild.

(A) Vegetarians have been observed to demonstrate gentle behavior toward gorillas and small creatures in the wild.
(B) Only vegetarian gorillas have been observed as demonstrating gentle behavior toward small creatures in the wild.
(C) Small creatures in the wild have been observed as behaving gently and demonstratively when near gorillas.
(D) It has been observed in the wild that gorillas, by nature vegetarians, treat small animals gently.

3. In fighting forest fires, the initial attack crews dig a fire line, which varies in width depending on the strength and nature of the fire.

(A) Initial attack crews dig a forest fire to vary the fire line's width.
(B) Initial attack crews depend on the strength and nature of the fire to vary the fire line.
(C) The width of the tire line, which the initial attack crews dig, varies according to the strength and nature of the fire.
(D) In digging a fire line, the initial attack crews depend on fighting forest fires.

4. Medical quackery, which promises cures for all existing and even nonexisting diseases, has a powerful appeal even to the well educated.

(A) Well-educated people in medicine promise to find powerful cures for diseases.
(B) Even well-educated people are attracted to fake cures for diseases that may or may not exist.
(C) Medical quackery promises the well educated a cure for diseases.
(D) The medical profession has appealed to the well educated for funding to find cures for diseases.

5. A silver compound has been found to kill the parasitic protozoa which are carried by the dreaded tsetse fly and cause sleeping sickness.

(A) The dreaded tsetse fly causes sleeping sickness and kills the parasitic protozoa used for finding silver compounds.
(B) It has been found that the silver compound which is carried by the dreaded tsetse fly and causes sleeping sickness kills the parasitic protozoa.
(C) Sleeping sickness, which is caused by the dreaded tsetse fly, has been found to kill the parasitic protozoa in silver compounds.
(D) Parasitic protozoa which cause sleeping sickness and are carried by the dreaded tsetse fly can be killed with a silver compound.

6. While working as a fire fighter at the University of Mississippi, William Faulkner submitted 37 stories to magazines, six of which were accepted.

(A) Of the 37 stories that Faulkner wrote while working at the University of Mississippi as a fire fighter, six became published in magazines.
(B) Faulkner wrote six out of 37 stories after accepting a job as fire fighter at the University of Mississippi.
(C) Faulkner published 37 stories in magazines, six of which were accepted by the University of Mississippi.
(D) The six accepted stories by Faulkner were about his job as a fire fighter at the University of Mississippi.

7. The continental drift theory proposes that the earth's crustal plates are driven by a global system of convection currents in the hot magma below that behave like giant conveyor belts.

(A) Theoretically, the earth's crustal plates behave like giant conveyor belts, driving the convection currents across the hot magma which causes the continents to drift.
(B) A global system of convection currents in the underlying hot magma acts as giant conveyor belts to drive the earth's crustal plates.
(C) The continental drift theory suggests that global plates cover hot magma, which acts as a giant conveyor belt below the convection currents.
(D) The continental drift theory is proposed by the earth's crustal plates, which drive a global system of convection currents in the hot magma below, behaving like giant conveyor belts.

8. Medical authorities have been reluctant to support the findings of some nutritionists that vitamin C given in large closes can prevent the common cold.

(A) Medical authorities support the nutritionists' views about the value of vitamin C in preventing the common cold.
(B) Nutritionists have found that medical authorities are not in favor of using vitamin C to prevent the common cold.
(C) Some nutritionists have found that large doses of vitamin C can prevent the common cold, but this has not been completely accepted by medical authorities.
(D) According to nutritionists and some medical authorities, the common cold can be prevented by giving large doses of vitamin C.

9. Female cowbirds, which cannot sing, are nonetheless able to teach songs to their young by responding to specific chirps and ignoring others.

(A) Even though female cowbirds cannot sing, they teach their chicks to do so by responding to specific chirps and ignoring others.
(B) Female cowbirds can neither sing nor teach songs to their babies by responding to certain chirps more than to others.
(C) Female cowbirds, which cannot sing, have certain other birds teach their young to sing.
(D) Female cowbirds, which cannot sing, unsuccessfully attempt to teach their young to sing by responding to other bird songs.

10. The conflict between those who wish to conserve a large area of unaltered and unimproved spaces and those who want the abolition of the last remnants of wilderness in the interest of industrial profit will not be resolved in the near future.

(A) The people who desire to conserve a large area of untouched natural land and those who want to use all land for industrialization are in a conflict which will not have an immediate resolution.
(B) The conflict over whether a large area of unaltered and unimproved space
should be given over for industrial development and profit is of interest to those resolved to abolish the last remnants of wilderness.
(C) Lawyers are profiling from the unresolved conflict between the people who wish to save the last remnants of wilderness and those who want to alter and improve the space for industry.
(D) There is an unresolved conflict caused by people who wish to abolish industry and turn the spaces back into a natural wilderness state.

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Упражнение 3


Вам будут даны два предложения. Второе из них является синонимичным первому. Вы должны найти в первом тем выражения, которые были перефразированы во втором и подчеркнуть их.

Пример: The damp British climate may be infuriating to humans, but it's ideal for plants. The Gulf Stream flows across the Atlantic to warm the west coast of these Isles, which occupy the same latitudes as Newfoundland. Moisture-laden Atlantic winds bring almost constant rain and mist, so plants don't dry out.

The perfect weather conditions for plants to flourish are found in the wet British Isles.

You should underline "British climate" (weather conditions in the British Isles), "ideal for plants" (perfect for plants), and "constant rain and mist" (wet) because these are the words from the passage that are restated.

1.Europa, one of Jupiter's moons, is the only place in the solar system - outside of Earth - where enormous quantities of water are known to exist. Although this water is in ice form, there is a possibility that there is only a crust of ice with a liquid ocean underneath. Because of powerful thermal pulses caused by the tidal forces of Jupiter and (he other moons, Europa may be the best place in the solar system for finding life forms.

Europa's vast oceans are unequaled in the solar system, with one exception.

2.Using sophisticated instrumentation, lightning experts have learned that lightning travels at one-third the speed of light. A lightning bolt is five times hotter than the surface of the sun and can have 10 times more power than the output of a large power company. A single discharge can actually contain 20 or more successive strokes, occurring too fast for the eye to separate. Some seem to stretch for 500 miles when observed from outer space.

It is possible that a lightning bolt, which seems very large, is really a series of bolts.

3.Once porpoises reach speeds of 12 miles per hour, they leap out of the water to escape the pull of surface drag. At that point, leaping out of the water actually requires less energy than swimming. These leaps are most efficient at speeds of 40 miles per hour and greater.

Porpoises conserve energy by traveling through the air, which creates less drag than water.

4.In the earliest stages of a star's formation - a process that takes some 10,000 years -the star is surrounded by an extremely dense layer of gas and dust. This matter eventually condenses and heats up to 1 million degrees and hotter, triggering a thermonuclear explosion. During the flare-up, strong winds blowing off the surface of the star disperse the surrounding dust and expose the newborn star to observers on Earth.

People can see the birth of a star because of the strong winds that scatter the dust particles.

5.Perhaps the greatest navigators in history were the Vikings. Without compasses or other modern instruments, they explored Iceland, Greenland, and even crossed the Atlantic Ocean to the shores of North America. To find their way, they stayed close to shorelines or used the position of the sun to plot the latitude.

The Vikings were expert sailors.

6. Since the first dolphin was trained by the United States Navy in 1965 to help divers in their underwater home, Sealab II, many other dolphins have been drafted into the Navy. Originally, dolphins were used as messengers or to answer calls for help. Today, dolphins do such dangerous and necessary work as locating explosives hidden in the sea and helping ships navigate safely in war zones.

An important task for a dolphin is to find mines.

7.There are many specifications that a good city tree must meet. First, it must be able to withstand air pollution from car exhaust and factories. Second, it must have both shallow roots that won't damage underground pipes and short branches that won't get entangled with electrical lines. Last, it shouldn't grow fruit that falls and rots on the sidewalks.

A city tree has to be tough to survive.

8.Saint Bernard dogs are large and shaggy animals. They were bred by Augustinian monks, who trained them to search for travelers lost in snowstorms or avalanches in the Alps. For hundreds of years, Saint Bernards served this purpose. But nowadays the journey across the Alps is on well-maintained road and tunnel systems, and the dogs are no longer needed.

Saint Bernards aided travelers for centuries.

9.Every year in Japan, the competitions for the longest unpowered flights are held. Out on Lake Biwa, participants attempt to break records by flying their own inventions over the water without propeller or jet assistance. The would-be human birds glide until their craft meets its inevitable crash landing. A flotilla of small boats line the flight path waiting to rescue the pilot. In the first Japanese event, a world record of 88.53 meters was established. Since then, new records have been made every year.

Participants fly in crafts they have designed themselves.

10.Protecting pearls properly can make them last for centuries. One of the reasons a pearl loses its luster or cracks is due to the mineral constituent of the pearl being dissolved by weak acids. There are several kinds of acids that pearls may come in contact with. The acidic nature of perspiration is one such acid. Much of the cotton that pearls are wrapped in when not in use is treated with an acid. Another kind of acid that damages pearls is found in many modern cosmetics. Cosmetics seep into the string canal and may penetrate into the layers of the pearl and cause deterioration. The best protection to give a pearl to ensure its long life is having it cleaned and restrung at prescribed intervals.

Sweating can cause damage to a pearl.

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